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前言

写用例之前，我们应该熟悉API的详细信息。建议使用抓包工具Charles或AnyProxy进行抓包。

har2case

我们先来了解一下另一个项目har2case
他的工作原理就是将当前主流的抓包工具和浏览器都支持将抓取得到的数据包导出为标准通用的 HAR 格式（HTTP Archive），然后 HttpRunner 将 HAR 格式的数据包转换为YAML/JSON格式的测试用例文件。
这里使用charles抓取百度首页进行演示

选中百度请求，右键点击Export Session，导出到/hrun_demo/har下，命名为baidu，格式选择HTTP Archive(.har)，点击save

测试用例编写_功能测试用例自动生成

此时，har文件夹下会多出baidu.har文件

har2case生成用例

可以使用命令har2case将Har文件转成测试用例，先使用命令har2case -h查看帮助文档

(httprunner_env) ➜  har har2case -h       
usage: har2case har2case [-h] [-2y] [-2j] [--filter FILTER]
                         [--exclude EXCLUDE]
                         [har_source_file]

positional arguments:
  har_source_file       Specify HAR source file

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -2y, --to-yml, --to-yaml
                        Convert to YAML format, if not specified, convert to
                        pytest format by default.
  -2j, --to-json        Convert to JSON format, if not specified, convert to
                        pytest format by default.
  --filter FILTER       Specify filter keyword, only url include filter string
                        will be converted.
  --exclude EXCLUDE     Specify exclude keyword, url that includes exclude
                        string will be ignored, multiple keywords can be
                        joined with '|'

-2y：转换为yaml格式，如果没有指定，默认转换为pytest格式
-2j：转换为json格式，如果没有指定，默认转换为pytest格式
–filter：指定筛选关键字，仅url包含筛选字符串将被转换。
–exclude：指定exclude关键字，包括exclude的url字符串将被忽略，可以选择多个关键字以“|”联接

生成pytest格式的用例

HttpRunner 3.0.7版本开始，har2case将HAR文件默认转换成pytest，强烈建议以pytest格式而不是以前的YAML / JSON格式编写和维护测试用例。
这里也是博主从pytest框架转换为httprunner框架的原因之一
运行命令将har文件转换成测试用例：

(httprunner_env) ➜  har har2case baidu.har
2021-02-05 11:27:32.945 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:gen_testcase:356 - Start to generate testcase from /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.har
2021-02-05 11:27:32.945 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:_make_testcase:347 - Extract info from HAR file and prepare for testcase.
2021-02-05 11:27:32.948 | INFO     | httprunner.compat:ensure_testcase_v3:219 - ensure compatibility with testcase format v2
2021-02-05 11:27:32.948 | INFO     | httprunner.loader:load_dot_env_file:127 - Loading environment variables from /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/.env
2021-02-05 11:27:32.949 | DEBUG    | httprunner.utils:set_os_environ:33 - Set OS environment variable: USERNAME
2021-02-05 11:27:32.949 | DEBUG    | httprunner.utils:set_os_environ:33 - Set OS environment variable: PASSWORD
2021-02-05 11:27:32.950 | INFO     | httprunner.make:make_testcase:349 - start to make testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.har
2021-02-05 11:27:32.951 | INFO     | httprunner.make:make_testcase:442 - generated testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
2021-02-05 11:27:32.952 | INFO     | httprunner.make:format_pytest_with_black:170 - format pytest cases with black ...
reformatted /Users/songyingkai/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
All done! ✨ ? ✨
1 file reformatted.
2021-02-05 11:27:33.181 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:gen_testcase:377 - generated testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
Sentry is attempting to send 0 pending error messages
Waiting up to 2 seconds
Press Ctrl-C to quit

生成的pytest文件是标准的python文件，如下所示：

# NOTE: Generated By HttpRunner v3.1.4
# FROM: har/baidu.har


from httprunner import HttpRunner, Config, Step, RunRequest, RunTestCase


class TestCaseBaidu(HttpRunner):

    config = Config("testcase description").verify(False)

    teststeps = [
        Step(
            RunRequest("/")
            .get("https://www.baidu.com/")
            .with_headers(
                **{
                    "Host": "www.baidu.com",
                    "Connection": "keep-alive",
                    "Cache-Control": "max-age=0",
                    "sec-ch-ua": '"Chromium";v="88", "Google Chrome";v="88", ";Not A Brand";v="99"',
                    "sec-ch-ua-mobile": "?0",
                    "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
                    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 11_1_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.146 Safari/537.36",
                    "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9",
                    "Sec-Fetch-Site": "none",
                    "Sec-Fetch-Mode": "navigate",
                    "Sec-Fetch-User": "?1",
                    "Sec-Fetch-Dest": "document",
                    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
                    "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7",
                    "Cookie": "PSTM=1610459846; BAIDUID=A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1; BD_UPN=123253; BIDUPSID=898B917A8EF92E036B0F06DC792638A1; __yjs_duid=1_c391922164c20246fd49e4ad821d46c41610613507042; BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598; H_PS_PSSID=33423_33513_33403_33273_33594_33585_26350_33568; delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=5; BAIDUID_BFESS=A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1; COOKIE_SESSION=86630_1_9_6_41_5_0_0_8_2_1_0_0_0_71_0_1612340974_1611912344_1612427533%7C9%23262013_235_1611912339%7C9; BD_HOME=1; ZD_ENTRY=baidu; BA_HECTOR=20ag2180aga18k21mm1g1pegu0r",
                }
            )
            .with_cookies(
                **{
                    "PSTM": "1610459846",
                    "BAIDUID": "A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1",
                    "BD_UPN": "123253",
                    "BIDUPSID": "898B917A8EF92E036B0F06DC792638A1",
                    "__yjs_duid": "1_c391922164c20246fd49e4ad821d46c41610613507042",
                    "BDORZ": "B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598",
                    "H_PS_PSSID": "33423_33513_33403_33273_33594_33585_26350_33568",
                    "delPer": "0",
                    "BD_CK_SAM": "1",
                    "PSINO": "5",
                    "BAIDUID_BFESS": "A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1",
                    "COOKIE_SESSION": "86630_1_9_6_41_5_0_0_8_2_1_0_0_0_71_0_1612340974_1611912344_1612427533%7C9%23262013_235_1611912339%7C9",
                    "BD_HOME": "1",
                    "ZD_ENTRY": "baidu",
                    "BA_HECTOR": "20ag2180aga18k21mm1g1pegu0r",
                }
            )
            .validate()
            .assert_equal("status_code", 200)
            .assert_equal('headers."Content-Type"', "text/html;charset=utf-8")
        ),
    ]


if __name__ == "__main__":
    TestCaseBaidu().test_start()

可以使用命令hrun或pytest运行，实际上，hrun是pytest的封装，效果基本相同。

(httprunner_env) ➜  har hrun baidu_test.py 
2021-02-05 14:03:39.279 | INFO     | httprunner.make:__make:512 - make path: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
2021-02-05 14:03:39.279 | INFO     | httprunner.make:format_pytest_with_black:170 - format pytest cases with black ...
No Path provided. Nothing to do ?
2021-02-05 14:03:39.457 | INFO     | httprunner.cli:main_run:56 - start to run tests with pytest. HttpRunner version: 3.1.4
============================================= test session starts =============================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: /Users/songyingkai/hrun/hrun_demo/har
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-2.1.1
collected 1 item                                                                                              

baidu_test.py .                                                                                         [100%]

============================================== 1 passed in 0.25s ==============================================
Sentry is attempting to send 0 pending error messages
Waiting up to 2 seconds
Press Ctrl-C to quit

(httprunner_env) ➜  har pytest baidu_test.py 
============================================= test session starts =============================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: /Users/songyingkai/hrun/hrun_demo/har
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-2.1.1
collected 1 item                                                                                              

baidu_test.py .                                                                                         [100%]

============================================== warnings summary ===============================================
baidu_test.py::TestCaseBaidu::test_start
  /Users/songyingkai/.virtualenvs/httprunner_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:1020: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host 'www.baidu.com'. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings
    InsecureRequestWarning,

-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
======================================== 1 passed, 1 warning in 0.47s =========================================

生成测试用例(YAML/JSON)

当然，你也可以生成YAML/JSON测试用例。只需要在har2case命令后添加-2y/--to-yml或-2j/--to-json

生成YAML格式：

har har2case baidu.har -2y

(httprunner_env) ➜  har har2case baidu.har -2y
2021-02-05 14:23:48.484 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:gen_testcase:356 - Start to generate testcase from /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.har
2021-02-05 14:23:48.484 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:_make_testcase:347 - Extract info from HAR file and prepare for testcase.
2021-02-05 14:23:48.488 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.utils:dump_yaml:108 - dump testcase to YAML format.
2021-02-05 14:23:48.492 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.utils:dump_yaml:115 - Generate YAML testcase successfully: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.yml
2021-02-05 14:23:48.493 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:gen_testcase:377 - generated testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.yml
Sentry is attempting to send 0 pending error messages
Waiting up to 2 seconds
Press Ctrl-C to quit

查看生成的yaml文件

config:
    name: testcase description
    variables: {}
    verify: false
teststeps:
-   name: /
    request:
        cookies:
            BAIDUID: A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1
            BAIDUID_BFESS: A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1
            BA_HECTOR: 20ag2180aga18k21mm1g1pegu0r
            BDORZ: B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598
            BD_CK_SAM: '1'
            BD_HOME: '1'
            BD_UPN: '123253'
            BIDUPSID: 898B917A8EF92E036B0F06DC792638A1
            COOKIE_SESSION: 86630_1_9_6_41_5_0_0_8_2_1_0_0_0_71_0_1612340974_1611912344_1612427533%7C9%23262013_235_1611912339%7C9
            H_PS_PSSID: '33423_33513_33403_33273_33594_33585_26350_33568'
            PSINO: '5'
            PSTM: '1610459846'
            ZD_ENTRY: baidu
            __yjs_duid: 1_c391922164c20246fd49e4ad821d46c41610613507042
            delPer: '0'
        headers:
            Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
            Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
            Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7
            Cache-Control: max-age=0
            Connection: keep-alive
            Cookie: PSTM=1610459846; BAIDUID=A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1;
                BD_UPN=123253; BIDUPSID=898B917A8EF92E036B0F06DC792638A1; __yjs_duid=1_c391922164c20246fd49e4ad821d46c41610613507042;
                BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598; H_PS_PSSID=33423_33513_33403_33273_33594_33585_26350_33568;
                delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=5; BAIDUID_BFESS=A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1;
                COOKIE_SESSION=86630_1_9_6_41_5_0_0_8_2_1_0_0_0_71_0_1612340974_1611912344_1612427533%7C9%23262013_235_1611912339%7C9;
                BD_HOME=1; ZD_ENTRY=baidu; BA_HECTOR=20ag2180aga18k21mm1g1pegu0r
            Host: www.baidu.com
            Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
            Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
            Sec-Fetch-Site: none
            Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
            Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: '1'
            User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 11_1_0) AppleWebKit/537.36
                (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.146 Safari/537.36
            sec-ch-ua: '"Chromium";v="88", "Google Chrome";v="88", ";Not A Brand";v="99"'
            sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
        method: GET
        url: https://www.baidu.com/
    validate:
    -   eq:
        - status_code
        - 200
    -   eq:
        - headers.Content-Type
        - text/html;charset=utf-8

生成JSON格式：

har2case baidu.har -2j

(httprunner_env) ➜  har har2case baidu.har -2j
2021-02-05 14:25:35.729 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:gen_testcase:356 - Start to generate testcase from /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.har
2021-02-05 14:25:35.730 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:_make_testcase:347 - Extract info from HAR file and prepare for testcase.
2021-02-05 14:25:35.732 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.utils:dump_json:121 - dump testcase to JSON format.
2021-02-05 14:25:35.733 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.utils:dump_json:130 - Generate JSON testcase successfully: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.json
2021-02-05 14:25:35.733 | INFO     | httprunner.ext.har2case.core:gen_testcase:377 - generated testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.json
Sentry is attempting to send 0 pending error messages
Waiting up to 2 seconds
Press Ctrl-C to quit

查看生成的json格式

{
    "config": {
        "name": "testcase description",
        "variables": {},
        "verify": false
    },
    "teststeps": [
        {
            "name": "/",
            "request": {
                "url": "https://www.baidu.com/",
                "method": "GET",
                "cookies": {
                    "PSTM": "1610459846",
                    "BAIDUID": "A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1",
                    "BD_UPN": "123253",
                    "BIDUPSID": "898B917A8EF92E036B0F06DC792638A1",
                    "__yjs_duid": "1_c391922164c20246fd49e4ad821d46c41610613507042",
                    "BDORZ": "B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598",
                    "H_PS_PSSID": "33423_33513_33403_33273_33594_33585_26350_33568",
                    "delPer": "0",
                    "BD_CK_SAM": "1",
                    "PSINO": "5",
                    "BAIDUID_BFESS": "A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1",
                    "COOKIE_SESSION": "86630_1_9_6_41_5_0_0_8_2_1_0_0_0_71_0_1612340974_1611912344_1612427533%7C9%23262013_235_1611912339%7C9",
                    "BD_HOME": "1",
                    "ZD_ENTRY": "baidu",
                    "BA_HECTOR": "20ag2180aga18k21mm1g1pegu0r"
                },
                "headers": {
                    "Host": "www.baidu.com",
                    "Connection": "keep-alive",
                    "Cache-Control": "max-age=0",
                    "sec-ch-ua": "\"Chromium\";v=\"88\", \"Google Chrome\";v=\"88\", \";Not A Brand\";v=\"99\"",
                    "sec-ch-ua-mobile": "?0",
                    "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
                    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 11_1_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.146 Safari/537.36",
                    "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9",
                    "Sec-Fetch-Site": "none",
                    "Sec-Fetch-Mode": "navigate",
                    "Sec-Fetch-User": "?1",
                    "Sec-Fetch-Dest": "document",
                    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
                    "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7",
                    "Cookie": "PSTM=1610459846; BAIDUID=A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1; BD_UPN=123253; BIDUPSID=898B917A8EF92E036B0F06DC792638A1; __yjs_duid=1_c391922164c20246fd49e4ad821d46c41610613507042; BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598; H_PS_PSSID=33423_33513_33403_33273_33594_33585_26350_33568; delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=5; BAIDUID_BFESS=A40AD6AD806FBBED1033903732FFA453:FG=1; COOKIE_SESSION=86630_1_9_6_41_5_0_0_8_2_1_0_0_0_71_0_1612340974_1611912344_1612427533%7C9%23262013_235_1611912339%7C9; BD_HOME=1; ZD_ENTRY=baidu; BA_HECTOR=20ag2180aga18k21mm1g1pegu0r"
                }
            },
            "validate": [
                {
                    "eq": [
                        "status_code",
                        200
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "eq": [
                        "headers.Content-Type",
                        "text/html;charset=utf-8"
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

YAML/JSON用例和pytest用例文件含有相同的信息，也可以使用hrun运行。

(httprunner_env) ➜  har hrun baidu.yml    
2021-02-05 14:28:05.573 | INFO     | httprunner.make:__make:512 - make path: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.yml
2021-02-05 14:28:05.582 | INFO     | httprunner.compat:ensure_testcase_v3:219 - ensure compatibility with testcase format v2
2021-02-05 14:28:05.582 | INFO     | httprunner.loader:load_dot_env_file:127 - Loading environment variables from /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/.env
2021-02-05 14:28:05.582 | DEBUG    | httprunner.utils:set_os_environ:33 - Set OS environment variable: USERNAME
2021-02-05 14:28:05.582 | DEBUG    | httprunner.utils:set_os_environ:33 - Set OS environment variable: PASSWORD
2021-02-05 14:28:05.583 | INFO     | httprunner.make:make_testcase:349 - start to make testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.yml
2021-02-05 14:28:05.583 | INFO     | httprunner.make:make_testcase:442 - generated testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
2021-02-05 14:28:05.584 | INFO     | httprunner.make:format_pytest_with_black:170 - format pytest cases with black ...
reformatted /Users/songyingkai/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
All done! ✨ ? ✨
1 file reformatted.
2021-02-05 14:28:05.769 | INFO     | httprunner.cli:main_run:56 - start to run tests with pytest. HttpRunner version: 3.1.4
============================================= test session starts =============================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: /Users/songyingkai/hrun/hrun_demo/har
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-2.1.1
collected 1 item                                                                                              

baidu_test.py .                                                                                         [100%]

============================================== 1 passed in 0.26s ==============================================
Sentry is attempting to send 0 pending error messages
Waiting up to 2 seconds
Press Ctrl-C to quit

(httprunner_env) ➜  har hrun baidu.json 
2021-02-05 14:28:25.793 | INFO     | httprunner.make:__make:512 - make path: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.json
2021-02-05 14:28:25.794 | INFO     | httprunner.compat:ensure_testcase_v3:219 - ensure compatibility with testcase format v2
2021-02-05 14:28:25.794 | INFO     | httprunner.loader:load_dot_env_file:127 - Loading environment variables from /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/.env
2021-02-05 14:28:25.794 | DEBUG    | httprunner.utils:set_os_environ:33 - Set OS environment variable: USERNAME
2021-02-05 14:28:25.794 | DEBUG    | httprunner.utils:set_os_environ:33 - Set OS environment variable: PASSWORD
2021-02-05 14:28:25.795 | INFO     | httprunner.make:make_testcase:349 - start to make testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu.json
2021-02-05 14:28:25.795 | INFO     | httprunner.make:make_testcase:442 - generated testcase: /Users/jkc/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
2021-02-05 14:28:25.795 | INFO     | httprunner.make:format_pytest_with_black:170 - format pytest cases with black ...
reformatted /Users/songyingkai/hrun/hrun_demo/har/baidu_test.py
All done! ✨ ? ✨
1 file reformatted.
2021-02-05 14:28:25.975 | INFO     | httprunner.cli:main_run:56 - start to run tests with pytest. HttpRunner version: 3.1.4
============================================= test session starts =============================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: /Users/songyingkai/hrun/hrun_demo/har
plugins: metadata-1.11.0, html-2.1.1
collected 1 item                                                                                              

baidu_test.py .                                                                                         [100%]

============================================== 1 passed in 0.31s ==============================================
Sentry is attempting to send 0 pending error messages
Waiting up to 2 seconds
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