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介绍

drf-spectacular是为Django REST Framework生成合理灵活的OpenAPI 3.0模式。它可以自动帮我们提取接口中的信息，从而形成接口文档，而且内容十分详细，再也不用为写接口文档而心烦了

这个库主要实现了3个目标

• 从DRF中提取更多的schema信息
• 提供灵活性，使schema在现实世界中可用(不仅仅是示例)
• 生成一个与最流行的客户端生成器配合良好的schema
   

环境准备

• Python >= 3.6
• Django (2.2, 3.1, 3.2)
• Django REST Framework (3.10, 3.11, 3.12)
   

安装

使用pip命令安装

pip install drf-spectacular

然后在settings.py的INSTALLED_APPS安装drf-spectacular

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # ALL YOUR APPS
    'drf_spectacular',
]

最后向DRF注册我们壮观的AutoSchema

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    # YOUR SETTINGS
    'DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS': 'drf_spectacular.openapi.AutoSchema',
}

drf-spectacular有健全的默认设置，非常好用开箱即用，不需要指定任何设置，但我们建议至少指定一些元数据

SPECTACULAR_SETTINGS = {
    'TITLE': 'API接口文档',
    'DESCRIPTION': '项目详情介绍',
    'VERSION': '1.0.0',
    # OTHER SETTINGS
}

使用方式

我们只需要在urls.py中添加接口地址即可

from drf_spectacular.views import SpectacularAPIView, SpectacularRedocView, SpectacularSwaggerView
urlpatterns = [
    # YOUR PATTERNS
    path('api/schema/', SpectacularAPIView.as_view(), name='schema'),
    # Optional UI:
    path('api/schema/swagger-ui/', SpectacularSwaggerView.as_view(url_name='schema'), name='swagger-ui'),  # swagger接口文档
    path('api/schema/redoc/', SpectacularRedocView.as_view(url_name='schema'), name='redoc'),  # redoc接口文档
]

然后我们启动项目，访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/schema/swagger-ui/，就会出现接口文档

我们可以看到图上有我们之前在settings.py中配置的TITLE和DESCRIPTION和VERSION，如果想自定义更多的设置，请看文档
 

自定义接口内容信息

上面我们可以访问swagger接口文档，但是我们点开接口会发现没有任何内容信息

所以我们还需要在view视图中，使用装饰器@extend_schema来制定接口文档中的接口信息

我们先来看下装饰器extend_schema的源码

def extend_schema(
operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
parameters: Optional[List[Union[OpenApiParameter, _SerializerType]]] = None,
request: Any = empty,
responses: Any = empty,
auth: Optional[List[str]] = None,
description: Optional[str] = None,
summary: Optional[str] = None,
deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
exclude: bool = False,
operation: Optional[Dict] = None,
methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
versions: Optional[List[str]] = None,
examples: Optional[List[OpenApiExample]] = None,
extensions: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
) -> Callable[[F], F]:
"""
Decorator mainly for the "view" method kind. Partially or completely overrides
what would be otherwise generated by drf-spectacular.
:param operation_id: replaces the auto-generated operation_id. make sure there
are no naming collisions.
:param parameters: list of additional or replacement parameters added to the
auto-discovered fields.
:param responses: replaces the discovered Serializer. Takes a variety of
inputs that can be used individually or combined
- ``Serializer`` class
- ``Serializer`` instance (e.g. ``Serializer(many=True)`` for listings)
- basic types or instances of ``OpenApiTypes``
- :class:`.OpenApiResponse` for bundling any of the other choices together with
either a dedicated response description and/or examples.
- :class:`.PolymorphicProxySerializer` for signaling that
the operation may yield data from different serializers depending
on the circumstances.
- ``dict`` with status codes as keys and one of the above as values.
Additionally in this case, it is also possible to provide a raw schema dict
as value.
- ``dict`` with tuples (status_code, media_type) as keys and one of the above
as values. Additionally in this case, it is also possible to provide a raw
schema dict as value.
:param request: replaces the discovered ``Serializer``. Takes a variety of inputs
- ``Serializer`` class/instance
- basic types or instances of ``OpenApiTypes``
- :class:`.PolymorphicProxySerializer` for signaling that the operation
accepts a set of different types of objects.
- ``dict`` with media_type as keys and one of the above as values. Additionally in
this case, it is also possible to provide a raw schema dict as value.
:param auth: replace discovered auth with explicit list of auth methods
:param description: replaces discovered doc strings
:param summary: an optional short summary of the description
:param deprecated: mark operation as deprecated
:param tags: override default list of tags
:param exclude: set True to exclude operation from schema
:param operation: manually override what auto-discovery would generate. you must
provide a OpenAPI3-compliant dictionary that gets directly translated to YAML.
:param methods: scope extend_schema to specific methods. matches all by default.
:param versions: scope extend_schema to specific API version. matches all by default.
:param examples: attach request/response examples to the operation
:param extensions: specification extensions, e.g. ``x-badges``, ``x-code-samples``, etc.
:return:
"""
if methods is not None:
methods = [method.upper() for method in methods]
def decorator(f):
BaseSchema = (
# explicit manually set schema or previous view annotation
getattr(f, 'schema', None)
# previously set schema with @extend_schema on views methods
or getattr(f, 'kwargs', {}).get('schema', None)
# previously set schema with @extend_schema on @api_view
or getattr(getattr(f, 'cls', None), 'kwargs', {}).get('schema', None)
# the default
or api_settings.DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS
)
if not inspect.isclass(BaseSchema):
BaseSchema = BaseSchema.__class__
def is_in_scope(ext_schema):
version, _ = ext_schema.view.determine_version(
ext_schema.view.request,
**ext_schema.view.kwargs
)
version_scope = versions is None or version in versions
method_scope = methods is None or ext_schema.method in methods
return method_scope and version_scope
class ExtendedSchema(BaseSchema):
def get_operation(self, path, path_regex, path_prefix, method, registry):
self.method = method.upper()
if exclude and is_in_scope(self):
return None
if operation is not None and is_in_scope(self):
return operation
return super().get_operation(path, path_regex, path_prefix, method, registry)
def get_operation_id(self):
if operation_id and is_in_scope(self):
return operation_id
return super().get_operation_id()
def get_override_parameters(self):
if parameters and is_in_scope(self):
return super().get_override_parameters() + parameters
return super().get_override_parameters()
def get_auth(self):
if auth and is_in_scope(self):
return auth
return super().get_auth()
def get_examples(self):
if examples and is_in_scope(self):
return super().get_examples() + examples
return super().get_examples()
def get_request_serializer(self):
if request is not empty and is_in_scope(self):
return request
return super().get_request_serializer()
def get_response_serializers(self):
if responses is not empty and is_in_scope(self):
return responses
return super().get_response_serializers()
def get_description(self):
if description and is_in_scope(self):
return description
return super().get_description()
def get_summary(self):
if summary and is_in_scope(self):
return str(summary)
return super().get_summary()
def is_deprecated(self):
if deprecated and is_in_scope(self):
return deprecated
return super().is_deprecated()
def get_tags(self):
if tags is not None and is_in_scope(self):
return tags
return super().get_tags()
def get_extensions(self):
if extensions and is_in_scope(self):
return extensions
return super().get_extensions()
if inspect.isclass(f):
# either direct decoration of views, or unpacked @api_view from OpenApiViewExtension
if operation_id is not None or operation is not None:
error(
f'using @extend_schema on viewset class {f.__name__} with parameters '
f'operation_id or operation will most likely result in a broken schema.'
)
# reorder schema class MRO so that view method annotation takes precedence
# over view class annotation. only relevant if there is a method annotation
for view_method_name in get_view_method_names(view=f, schema=BaseSchema):
if 'schema' not in getattr(getattr(f, view_method_name), 'kwargs', {}):
continue
view_method = isolate_view_method(f, view_method_name)
view_method.kwargs['schema'] = type(
'ExtendedMetaSchema', (view_method.kwargs['schema'], ExtendedSchema), {}
)
# persist schema on class to provide annotation to derived view methods.
# the second purpose is to serve as base for view multi-annotation
f.schema = ExtendedSchema()
return f
elif callable(f) and hasattr(f, 'cls'):
# 'cls' attr signals that as_view() was called, which only applies to @api_view.
# keep a "unused" schema reference at root level for multi annotation convenience.
setattr(f.cls, 'kwargs', {'schema': ExtendedSchema})
# set schema on method kwargs context to emulate regular view behaviour.
for method in f.cls.http_method_names:
setattr(getattr(f.cls, method), 'kwargs', {'schema': ExtendedSchema})
return f
elif callable(f):
# custom actions have kwargs in their context, others don't. create it so our create_view
# implementation can overwrite the default schema
if not hasattr(f, 'kwargs'):
f.kwargs = {}
# this simulates what @action is actually doing. somewhere along the line in this process
# the schema is picked up from kwargs and used. it's involved my dear friends.
# use class instead of instance due to descriptor weakref reverse collisions
f.kwargs['schema'] = ExtendedSchema
return f
else:
return f
return decorator

这个装饰器主要用于view，通过drf-spectacular部分或完全的覆盖去产生些东西

先来看下几个初始化参数

• operation_id：一个唯一标识ID，基本用不到
• parameters：添加到列表中的附加或替换参数去自动发现字段。
• responses：替换Serializer。需要各种各样的可单独使用或组合使用的输入(有以下7种)
  • Serializer类
  • 序列化实例，比如：Serializer(many=True)
  • OpenApiTypes的基本类型或者实例
  • OpenApiResponse类
  • PolymorphicProxySerializer类
  • 1个字典，以状态码作为键， 以上其中一项作为值(是最常用的，格式{200, None})
  • 1个字典，以状态码作为键，以media_type作为值
• request：替换序列化，接受各种输入
  • Serializer 类或者实例
  • OpenApiTypes基本类型或者实例
  • PolymorphicProxySerializer类
  • 1个字典，以media_type作为键，以上其中一项作为值
• auth：用auth方法的显式列表替换发现的auth
• description：替换发现的文档字符串
• summary：一个可选的短的总结描述
• deprecated：将操作标记为已弃用
• tags：覆盖默认标记列表
• exclude：设置为True以从schema中排除操作
• operation：手动覆盖自动发现将生成的内容。你必须提供一个兼容OpenAPI3的字典，该字典可以直接翻译成YAML。
• methods：检查extend_schema中特殊的方法，默认匹配所有
• versions：检查extend_schema中特殊的API版本，默认匹配所有
• example：将请求/响应示例附加到操作中
• extensions：规范扩展

最后我们在登录视图的post方法中添加@extend_schema装饰器，传入上面你所需要的字段，就可以了

@extend_schema(
summary="Login",
request=UserModelSerializer,
responses={200: UserModelSerializer},
description="登录接口",
versions=["v1"]
)

最后我们就能看到完整的接口文档了