apache RewriteRule

大家好，又见面了，我是你们的朋友全栈君。

最近发现一个新的东西（可能以前一直没有注意） Apache 中的 rewrite_modul 模块。

可以将你的 url 得到的地址直接重新定义成自己想要的位置。也就是说输入的 URL 可以重新定义成一个动态的地址。而且这个ＵＲＬ　不会被改写，动态地址是在后台执行然后返回数据。

这个功能还可以使用在写程序时自己定义的 CACHE ，完全提高服务器负担，加快响应时间，这个就看你怎么使用了。

取消了APACHE 配置文件 http.conf 里LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so前面的注释。目录下需要有一个配置文件 .htaccess

内容如下（例子）：

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /tt/
RewriteCond %{ ENV:REDIRECT_SURI } !^$
RewriteRule (.*) – [L]
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/*$ blog/index.php [E=SURI:1,L]
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/+[0-9]+$ blog/item.php [E=SURI:1,L]
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/+favicon/.ico$ blog/favicon.ico.php [E=SURI:1,L]
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/+index/.gif$ blog/index.gif.php [E=SURI:1,L]
RewriteCond %{ QUERY_STRING } (^|&)pl=([0-9]+)
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/+index/.php$ %2 [NE,L]
RewriteCond %{ REQUEST_FILENAME } -f [OR]
RewriteCond %{ REQUEST_FILENAME } -d
RewriteRule !^(blog|cache)/ – [L]
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/+(entry|attachment|category|keylog|tag|search|plugin)/? blog/$1/index.php [E=SURI:1,L]
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/+(.+)/[0-9]+$ blog/$1/item.php [E=SURI:1,L]
RewriteRule ^[[:alnum:]]+/+(.+)$ blog/$1/index.php [E=SURI:1,L]

具体内容需要按照自己使用时候不同而设置不同。同样上面的信息可以直接写进 Apache 的 conf 文件里面，用样有效。如果生成文件后就只对该目录有效。

Apache 官方的说明书 http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/misc/rewriteguide.html

这个是个很好的东西，还需要具体研究一下。

具体例子如下：

目标	重写设置	说明
规范化URL	RewriteRule ^/~([^/]+)/?(.*) /u/$1/$2 [R]	将/~user重写为/u/user的形式
	RewriteRule ^/([uge])/([^/]+)$ /$1/$2/ [R]	将/u/user末尾漏掉的/补上

规范化HostName	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_HOST } !^fully/.qualified/.domain/.name [NC]	域名不合格
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_HOST } !^$	不空
	RewriteCond %{ SERVER_PORT } !^80$	不是80端口
	RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://fully.qualified.domain.name:%{ SERVER_PORT }/$1 [L,R]	重写
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_HOST } !^fully/.qualified/.domain/.name [NC]
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_HOST } !^$
	RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://fully.qualified.domain.name/$1 [L,R]

URL根目录转移	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^/$ /e/www/ [R]	从/移到/e/www/

末尾目录补斜线	RewriteEngine on
（目录范围内）	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo$ foo/ [R]	/~quux/foo是一个目录，补/

	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteCond %{ REQUEST_FILENAME } -d	如果请文件名是个目录
	RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ $1/ [R]	URL末尾不是斜线时补上

Web集群	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap user-to-host txt:/path/to/map.user-to-host	用户－服务器映射
	RewriteMap group-to-host txt:/path/to/map.group-to-host	组－服务器映射
	RewriteMap entity-to-host txt:/path/to/map.entity-to-host	实体－服务器映射
	RewriteRule ^/u/([^/]+)/?(.*) http://${ user-to-host:$1\|server0 }/u/$1/$2	用户均衡
	RewriteRule ^/g/([^/]+)/?(.*) http://${ group-to-host:$1\|server0 }/g/$1/$2	组均衡
	RewriteRule ^/e/([^/]+)/?(.*) http://${ entity-to-host:$1\|server0 }/e/$1/$2	实体均衡
	RewriteRule ^/([uge])/([^/]+)/?$ /$1/$2/.www/
	RewriteRule ^/([uge])/([^/]+)/([^.]+.+) /$1/$2/.www/$3/

URL根目录搬迁	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^/~(.+) http://newserver/~$1 [R,L]	到其它服务器

所用户名首字母分	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^/~(([a-z])[a-z0-9]+)(.*) /home/$2/$1/.www$3	内一层括号为$2

NCSA imagemap移	RewriteEngine on
植为mod_imap	RewriteRule ^/cgi-bin/imagemap(.*) $1 [PT]

多目录查找资源	RewriteEngine on
	# first try to find it in custom/…
	RewriteCond /your/docroot/dir1/%{ REQUEST_FILENAME } -f
	RewriteRule ^(.+) /your/docroot/dir1/$1 [L]
	# second try to find it in pub/…
	RewriteCond /your/docroot/dir2/%{ REQUEST_FILENAME } -f
	RewriteRule ^(.+) /your/docroot/dir2/$1 [L]
	# else go on for other Alias or ScriptAlias directives,
	RewriteRule ^(.+) – [PT]

据URL设置环境变量	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^(.)/S=([^/]+)/(.) $1/$3 [E=STATUS:$2]

虚拟主机	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_HOST } ^www/.[^.]+/.host/.com$	基于用户名
	RewriteRule ^(.+) %{ HTTP_HOST }$1 [C]
	RewriteRule ^www/.([^.]+)/.host/.com(.*) /home/$1$2

内外人有别	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond %{ REMOTE_HOST } !^.+/.ourdomain/.com$	基于远程主机
	RewriteRule ^(/~.+) http://www.somewhere.com/$1 [R,L]

错误重定向	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond /your/docroot/%{ REQUEST_FILENAME } !-f	不是regular文件
	RewriteRule ^(.+) http://webserverB.dom/$1

程序处理特殊协议	RewriteRule ^xredirect:(.+) /path/to/nph-xredirect.cgi/$1 /	Xredirect协议
	[T=application/x-httpd-cgi,L]

最近镜像下载	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap multiplex txt:/path/to/map.cxan	顶级域名与最近ftp服务器映射
	RewriteRule ^/CxAN/(.*) %{ REMOTE_HOST }::$1 [C]
	RewriteRule ^.+/.([a-zA-Z]+)::(.*)$ ${ multiplex:$1\|ftp.default.dom }$2 [R,L]	据顶级域名不同提供不同的FTP服务器

基于时间重写	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond %{ TIME_HOUR }%{ TIME_MIN } >0700
	RewriteCond %{ TIME_HOUR }%{ TIME_MIN } <1900
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ foo.day.html	白天为早晚7点间
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ foo.night.html	其余为夜间

向前兼容扩展名	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	# parse out basename, but remember the fact
	RewriteRule ^(.*)/.html$ $1 [C,E=WasHTML:yes]
	# rewrite to document.phtml if exists
	RewriteCond %{ REQUEST_FILENAME }.phtml -f	如果存在$1.phtml则重写
	RewriteRule ^(.*)$ $1.phtml [S=1]
	# else reverse the previous basename cutout
	RewriteCond %{ ENV:WasHTML } ^yes$	如果不存在$1.phtml，则保持不变
	RewriteRule ^(.*)$ $1.html

文件改名（目录级）	RewriteEngine on	内部重写
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ bar.html

	RewriteEngine on	重定向由客户端再次提交
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ bar.html [R]

据浏览器类型重写	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_USER_AGENT } ^Mozilla/3.*
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ foo.NS.html [L]
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_USER_AGENT } ^Lynx/.* [OR]
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_USER_AGENT } ^Mozilla/[12].*
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ foo.20.html [L]
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ foo.32.html [L]

动态镜像远程资源	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^hotsheet/(.*)$ http://www.tstimpreso.com/hotsheet/$1 [P]	利用了代理模块

	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^usa-news/.html$ http://www.quux-corp.com/news/index.html [P]

反向动态镜像	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond /mirror/of/remotesite/$1 -U
	RewriteRule ^http://www/.remotesite/.com/(.*)$ /mirror/of/remotesite/$1

负载均衡	RewriteEngine on	利用代理实现round-robin效果
	RewriteMap lb prg:/path/to/lb.pl
	RewriteRule ^/(.+)$ ${ lb:$1 } [P,L]

	#!/path/to/perl
	$\| = 1;
	$name = “www”; # the hostname base
	$first = 1; # the first server (not 0 here, because 0 is myself)
	$last = 5; # the last server in the round-robin
	$domain = “foo.dom”; # the domainname
	$cnt = 0;
	while ( ) {
	$cnt = (($cnt+1) % ($last+1-$first));
	$server = sprintf(“%s%d.%s”, $name, $cnt+$first, $domain);
	print “http://$server/$_”;
	}
	##EOF##

静态页面变脚本	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo/.html$ foo.cgi [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]

阻击机器人	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_USER_AGENT } ^NameOfBadRobot.*
	RewriteCond %{ REMOTE_ADDR } ^123/.45/.67/.[8-9]$
	RewriteRule ^/~quux/foo/arc/.+ – [F]

阻止盗连你的图片	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_REFERER } !^$
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_REFERER } !^http://www.quux-corp.de/~quux/.*$ [NC]	自己的连接可不能被阻止
	RewriteRule .*/.gif$ – [F]

	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_REFERER } !^$
	RewriteCond %{ HTTP_REFERER } !.*/foo-with-gif/.html$
	RewriteRule ^inlined-in-foo/.gif$ – [F]

拒绝某些主机访问	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap hosts-deny txt:/path/to/hosts.deny
	RewriteCond ${ hosts-deny:%{ REMOTE_HOST }\|NOT-FOUND } !=NOT-FOUND [OR]
	RewriteCond ${ hosts-deny:%{ REMOTE_ADDR }\|NOT-FOUND } !=NOT-FOUND
	RewriteRule ^/.* – [F]

用户授权	RewriteCond %{ REMOTE_IDENT }@%{ REMOTE_HOST } !^friend1@client1.quux-corp/.com$
	RewriteCond %{ REMOTE_IDENT }@%{ REMOTE_HOST } !^friend2@client2.quux-corp/.com$
	RewriteCond %{ REMOTE_IDENT }@%{ REMOTE_HOST } !^friend3@client3.quux-corp/.com$
	RewriteRule ^/~quux/only-for-friends/ – [F]

外部重写程序模板	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap quux-map prg:/path/to/map.quux.pl
	RewriteRule ^/~quux/(.*)$ /~quux/${ quux-map:$1 }

	#!/path/to/perl
	$\| = 1;
	while (<>) {
	s\|^foo/\|bar/\|;
	print $_;
	}

搜索引擎友好	RewriteRule ^/products$ /content.php
	RewriteRule ^/products/([0-9]+)$ /content.php?id=$1
	RewriteRule ^/products/([0-9]+),([ad]),([0-9]{ 0,3 }),([0-9]),([0-9]*$) /marso/content.php?id=$1&sort=$2&order=$3&start=$4