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1. 右值引用

　　个人认为右值引用的目的主要是为了是减少内存拷贝，优化性能。

　　比如下面的代码：

String Fun()
{
    String str = "hello world";
    return str;
}

　　str为临时对象，然后调用Stringd的拷贝构造函数，将临时对象的值赋值给String,这种拷贝是完全没有必要的，如果堆内存很大，那么这个拷贝构造的代价会很大，带来了额外的性能损耗。

　　为了避免链式对象的拷贝构造，我们可以使用右值引用拷贝的方式来实现：

MyString& operator=(MyString&& other)
    {
        cout << "MyString& operator=(const MyString&& other)" << endl;
        if (this != &other)
        {
            m_nLen = other.m_nLen;
            m_pData = other.m_pData;
            other.m_pData = NULL;
        }

        return *this;
    }

　　上面的代码只是进行了指针权限的转移，而没有额外的性能消耗。

1.1 使用右值引用实现MyString类

#include "stdio.h"
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class MyString
{
public:
    MyString() :m_pData(NULL), m_nLen(0)
    {
        cout << "MyString()" << endl;
    }
    MyString(const char *pStr)   // 允许隐式转换
    {
        cout << "MyString(const char *pStr)" << endl;
        m_nLen = strlen(pStr);
        CopyData(pStr);
    }
    MyString(const MyString& other)
    {
        cout << "MyString(const MyString& other)" << endl;
        if (!other.m_pData)
        {
            m_nLen = other.m_nLen;
            DeleteData();
            CopyData(other.m_pData);
        }
    }
    MyString& operator=(const MyString& other)
    {
        cout << "MyString& operator=(const MyString& other)" << endl;
        if (this != &other)
        {
            m_nLen = other.m_nLen;
            DeleteData();
            CopyData(other.m_pData);
        }

        return *this;
    }

    MyString(MyString&& other)
    {
        cout << "MyString(MyString&& other)" << endl;
        m_nLen = other.m_nLen;
        m_pData = other.m_pData;
        other.m_pData = NULL;
    }

    MyString& operator=(MyString&& other)
    {
        cout << "MyString& operator=(const MyString&& other)" << endl;
        if (this != &other)
        {
            m_nLen = other.m_nLen;
            m_pData = other.m_pData;
            other.m_pData = NULL;
        }

        return *this;
    }

    ~MyString()
    {
        DeleteData();
    }

private:
    void CopyData(const char *pData)
    {
        if (pData)
        {
            m_pData = new char[m_nLen + 1];
            memcpy(m_pData, pData, m_nLen);
            m_pData[m_nLen] = '#include "stdio.h" #include <string> #include <iostream> using namespace std; class MyString { public: MyString() :m_pData(NULL), m_nLen(0) { cout << "MyString()" << endl; } MyString(const char *pStr) // 允许隐式转换  { cout << "MyString(const char *pStr)" << endl; m_nLen = strlen(pStr); CopyData(pStr); } MyString(const MyString& other) { cout << "MyString(const MyString& other)" << endl; if (!other.m_pData) { m_nLen = other.m_nLen; DeleteData(); CopyData(other.m_pData); } } MyString& operator=(const MyString& other) { cout << "MyString& operator=(const MyString& other)" << endl; if (this != &other) { m_nLen = other.m_nLen; DeleteData(); CopyData(other.m_pData); } return *this; } MyString(MyString&& other) { cout << "MyString(MyString&& other)" << endl; m_nLen = other.m_nLen; m_pData = other.m_pData; other.m_pData = NULL; } MyString& operator=(MyString&& other) { cout << "MyString& operator=(const MyString&& other)" << endl; if (this != &other) { m_nLen = other.m_nLen; m_pData = other.m_pData; other.m_pData = NULL; } return *this; } ~MyString() { DeleteData(); } private: void CopyData(const char *pData) { if (pData) { m_pData = new char[m_nLen + 1]; memcpy(m_pData, pData, m_nLen); m_pData[m_nLen] = '\0'; } } void DeleteData() { if (m_pData != NULL) { delete[] m_pData; m_pData = NULL; } } private: char *m_pData; size_t m_nLen; }; MyString Fun() { MyString str = "hello world"; return str; } void main() { MyString str1 = "hello"; MyString str2(str1); MyString str3 = Fun(); }';
        }
    }

    void DeleteData()
    {
        if (m_pData != NULL)
        {
            delete[] m_pData;
            m_pData = NULL;
        }
    }

private:
    char *m_pData;
    size_t m_nLen;
};

MyString Fun()
{
    MyString str = "hello world";
    return str;
}
void main()
{
    MyString str1 = "hello";
    MyString str2(str1);
    MyString str3 = Fun();
}

C++11新特性之右值引用(&&)、移动语义(move)、完美转换(forward)

1.2 右值引用总结

C++11中引入了右值引用和移动语义，可以避免无谓的复制，提高了程序的性能，右值引用标记为T&&。

（1）左值和右值是独立于它们的类型，右值引用类型可能是左值也可能是右值

（2）auto&&或函数参数类型的自动推导的T&&是一个未定的引用类型，它可能是左值引用，也可能是右值引用，取决于初始化的值类型

（3）所有的右值引用叠加到右值引用上仍然是一个右值引用，其它引用叠加都为坐值引用，当T&&为模版参数时，输入左值，它会变为左值引用，输入右值则变为具名的右值引用

（4）编译器会将已命名的右值引用视为左值，而将未命名的右值视为右值

2. move语义

　　我们知道移动语义是通过右值引用来匹配临时值的，那么，普通的左值是否也能借组移动语义来优化性能呢？C++11为了解决这个问题，提供了std::move()方法来将左值转换为右值，从而方便应用移动语义。move是将对象的状态或者所有权从一个对象转移到另一个对象，只是转义，没有内存拷贝。

MyString str1 = “hello”;
MyString str2(str1);
MyString str3 = Fun();
MyString str4 = move(str2);

3. forward

　　forward将左值转换为右值：

MyString str1 = "hello";
MyString str2(str1);
MyString str3 = Fun();
MyString str4 = move(str2);
MyString str5(forward<MyString>(str3));

4. 综合示例

#include "stdio.h"
#include<iostream>

#include<vector>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A() :m_ptr(NULL), m_nSize(0){}
    A(int *ptr, int nSize)
    {
        m_nSize = nSize;
        m_ptr = new int[nSize];
        if (m_ptr)
        {
            memcpy(m_ptr, ptr, sizeof(sizeof(int) * nSize));
        }
    }
    A(const A& other)   // 拷贝构造函数实现深拷贝
    {
        m_nSize = other.m_nSize;
        if (other.m_ptr)
        {
            delete[] m_ptr;
            m_ptr = new int[m_nSize];
            memcpy(m_ptr, other.m_ptr, sizeof(sizeof(int)* m_nSize));
        }
        else
        {
            m_ptr = NULL;
        }
        cout << "A(const int &i)" << endl;
    }

    // 右值应用构造函数
    A(A &&other)    
    {
        m_ptr = NULL;
        m_nSize = other.m_nSize;
        if (other.m_ptr)
        {
            m_ptr = move(other.m_ptr);  // 移动语义
            other.m_ptr = NULL;
        }
    }

    ~A()
    {
        if (m_ptr)
        {
            delete[] m_ptr;
            m_ptr = NULL;
        }
    }

    void deleteptr()
    {
        if (m_ptr)
        {
            delete[] m_ptr;
            m_ptr = NULL;
        }
    }

    int *m_ptr;
    int m_nSize;
};

void main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    A a(arr, sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]));
    cout << "m_ptr in a Addr: 0x" << a.m_ptr << endl;
    A b(a);
    cout << "m_ptr in b Addr: 0x" << b.m_ptr << endl;
    b.deleteptr();
    A c(std::forward<A>(a));   // 完美转换
    cout << "m_ptr in c Addr: 0x" << c.m_ptr << endl;
    c.deleteptr();

    vector<int> vect{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
    cout << "before move vect size: " << vect.size() << endl;

    vector<int> vect1 = move(vect);
    cout << "after move vect size: " << vect.size() << endl;
    cout << "new vect1 size: " << vect1.size() << endl;
}