大家好，又见面了，我是全栈君。

1 准备工作

1.1 环境搭建

1.1.1 安装python3.6

python安装官网

1.1.2 安装django2.2

pip install django(==2.2.0)  //不加版本默认安装最新

1.1.3 安装pycharm（社区版，官网下载安装即可）

在安装完成后要配置好需要的第三方库：（pip下载，推荐在pycharm下也配置虚拟环境）

Django2.2

连接mysql需要的库：PyMySQL, mysql, mysqlclinet

验证码用到的库：django-simple-captcha（只需在虚拟环境下配置）

（由于下载库较多，忘记用到的库，下附截图）

Pycharm+django2.2+python3.6+MySQL实现简单的考试报名系统

1.1.4 安装数据库，我使用的是MySQL,推荐安装界面管理文件（我使用的是MySQLWorkbench）

数据库配置，settings.py文件

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME':'cet',                         #数据库名字
        'USER':'root',                        #登陆数据库的用户名
        'PASSWORD':'123',                     #登陆数据库的密码
        'HOST':'localhost',                   #数据库的ip地址
        'PORT':'3306',                        #ip地址的端口号，默认（3306）
    }
}

__init__.py里面导入pymysql

import pymysql


pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

1.2 创建django项目及app

1.2.1 创建指令

django-admin startproject project_name        #创建项目
python manage.py startapp app_name            #创建app(可能会报错)
#上面创建app失败用下面这个指令
django-admin startapp app_name

1.2.2 注册app

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',            
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'login',                  #登录注册
    'captcha',                #验证码
    'home',                   #报名主页
]

1.4 更改时区和语言

settings.py文件中，将默认改为亚洲/上海和中文

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
 
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
 
USE_I18N = True
 
USE_L10N = True
 
USE_TZ = False

1.5 数据库迁移

更改models.py后，要将更改同步到数据库之中，这时就要用到数据库迁移指令（若迁移失败：no changes问题）。

python manage.py makemigrations
 
python manage.py migrate

1.6 创建超级管理员

命令行冲使用指令创建管理员账号用于使用django自带的框架。

python manage.py createsuperuser

1.7 运行准备

添加端口号：

2 注册登录模块

(我将其放在了app名为login里面)

2.1 数据库模型设计

特殊参数说明：verbose_name——用于修改django框架各表成员的名字（相当于副名，只用于显示），其他可以从文章开头推荐的博客了解。

#login/models.py
 
from django.db import models
 
# Create your models here.
 
class User(models.Model):
    '''用户表'''
    gender = (
        ('male', '男'),
        ('female', '女'),
    )
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name="用户名", max_length=128, unique=True)  # unique表示唯一
    password = models.CharField(verbose_name="密码", max_length=256)
    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="邮箱", unique=True)
    sex = models.CharField(verbose_name="性别", max_length=32, choices=gender, default='男')
    c_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
 
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
 
    #用于将django自带管理员端汉化
    class Meta:
        ordering = ['c_time']
        verbose_name = '用户'
        verbose_name_plural = '用户'

2.2 在admin中注册模型

#login/admin.py
 
from django.contrib import admin
 
# Register your models here.
 
from . import models
 
admin.site.register(models.User)

2.3 创建表单

在我们创建数据库用户表后,采用表单验证前端的数据并进行存储到数据库中。

#login/forms.py
 
from django import forms
from captcha.fields import CaptchaField
 
 
class user_entry(forms.Form):
    user_name = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    user_true_name = forms.CharField(label="真实姓名", max_length=128,widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    user_id = forms.CharField(label="身份证号", max_length=18, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱地址", widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    exam_point = forms.CharField(label="考点", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
 
class user_datas(forms.Form):
    email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱地址", widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    user_name = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    user_true_name = forms.CharField(label="真实姓名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    user_id = forms.CharField(label="身份证号", max_length=18, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    # user_img =
    user_school = forms.CharField(label="所在学校", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    # user_f_score = forms.CharField(label="四级成绩", max_length=10, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    # user_s_score = forms.CharField(label="六级成绩", max_length=10, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))

2.4 路由及视图设计

2.4.1 路由设计

由于登陆注册使用的路径不多，就将其全放在项目目录下的urls.py文件，当然也可以采用项目和app相结合。

#项目名/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from login import views
 
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index),              #修改端口默认主页
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),    #管理员端
 
    #登录注册
    path('index/', views.index),
    path('check/', views.check),
    path('login/', views.login),
    path('register/', views.register),
    path('logout/', views.logout),
 
    #使用验证码
    path('captcha', include('captcha.urls')),
 
    #报名app路由
    path('homepage/',include('home.urls')),
]

2.4.2 视图设计

#login/views.py
 
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from . import models
from .forms import UserForm,RegisterForm
from home.models import user_data
# Create your views here.
 
def check(request):
    pass
    return render(request, 'login/hello.html')
 
def index(request):
    pass
    return render(request, 'login/index.html')
 
 
#加入sesson
def login(request):
    #不允许重复登录
    if request.session.get('is_login', None):
        return redirect('/index')
 
    if request.method == "POST":
        login_form = UserForm(request.POST)
        message = "请检查填写的内容！"
        if login_form.is_valid():
            username = login_form.cleaned_data['username']
            password = login_form.cleaned_data['password']
            try:
                user = models.User.objects.get(name=username)
                if user.password == password:
                    #往session字典内写入用户状态和数据
                    request.session['is_login'] = True
                    request.session['user_id'] = user.id
                    request.session['user_name'] = user.name
                    return redirect('/index/')
                else:
                    message = "密码不正确！"
            except:
                message = "用户不存在！"
        return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals())
 
    login_form = UserForm()
    return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals())
 
 
def logout(request):
    if not request.session.get('is_login', None):
        # 如果本来就未登录，也就没有登出一说
        return redirect("/index/")
    request.session.flush()
    # 或者使用下面的方法
    # del request.session['is_login']
    # del request.session['user_id']
    # del request.session['user_name']
    return redirect("/index/")
 
 
 
def register(request):
    if request.session.get('is_login', None):
        # 登录状态不允许注册。
        return redirect("/index/")
    if request.method == "POST":
        register_form = RegisterForm(request.POST)
        message = "请检查填写的内容！"
        if register_form.is_valid():  # 获取数据
            username = register_form.cleaned_data['username']
            password1 = register_form.cleaned_data['password1']
            password2 = register_form.cleaned_data['password2']
            email = register_form.cleaned_data['email']
            sex = register_form.cleaned_data['sex']
            if password1 != password2:  # 判断两次密码是否相同
                message = "两次输入的密码不同！"
                return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
            else:
                same_name_user = models.User.objects.filter(name=username)
                if same_name_user:  # 用户名唯一
                    message = '用户已经存在，请重新选择用户名！'
                    return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
                same_email_user = models.User.objects.filter(email=email)
                if same_email_user:  # 邮箱地址唯一
                    message = '该邮箱地址已被注册，请使用别的邮箱！'
                    return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
                message = "注册成功！"
                # 当一切都OK的情况下，创建新用户
                # 创建用户信息//有问题：放在创建用户表后面会出现DJANGO pymysql.err.IntegrityError:
                # (1062, "Duplicate entry '' for key 'user_name'")
                new_user_data = user_data.objects.create()
                new_user_data.user_name = username
                new_user_data.user_true_name = '无'
                new_user_data.user_id = '无'
                new_user_data.user_school = '无'
                # new_user_data.user_f_score = 425
                # new_user_data.user_s_score = 0
                new_user_data.save()
 
                #创建用户表
                new_user = models.User.objects.create()
                new_user.name = username
                new_user.password = password1
                new_user.email = email
                new_user.sex = sex
                new_user.save()
 
                return redirect('/login/')  # 自动跳转到登录页面
    register_form = RegisterForm()
    return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())

3 个人信息及报名管理

(我将其放在了app名为home里面)

3.1 数据库模型设计

#home/models.py
 
from django.db import models
 
# Create your models here.
 
class exam_entry_table(models.Model):
    #考点信息表
    exam_id = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试编号",max_length=10)
    exam_type = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试类别",max_length=128)
    exam_point = models.CharField(verbose_name="考点",max_length=128)
    exam_time = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试时间",max_length=128)
    number = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="容量")
    entry_number = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="已报名数量",default=0)
 
    def __str__(self):
        return self.exam_point
 
    class Meta:
        # ordering = ['c_time']
        verbose_name = '考点'
        verbose_name_plural = '考点信息表'
 
 
 
class user_entry_table(models.Model):
    #用户考试信息表
    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="邮箱")
    exam_id = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试编号",max_length=10)
    exam_point = models.CharField(verbose_name="考点",max_length=128)
 
 
    def __str__(self):
        return self.email
    class Meta:
        # ordering = ['c_time']
        verbose_name = '用户考试信息'
        verbose_name_plural = '用户考试信息表'
 
class user_data(models.Model):
    #用户信息表
    user_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="用户名",max_length=128, unique=True)
    user_true_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="真实姓名",max_length=128, null=True)
    user_id = models.CharField(verbose_name="身份证号",max_length=18, null=True)
    # user_img =
    user_school = models.CharField(verbose_name="在读学校",max_length=128)
    user_f_score = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="四级成绩", default=0)
    user_s_score = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="六级成绩", default=0)
 
    def __str__(self):
        return self.user_name
 
    class Meta:
        # ordering = ['c_time']
        verbose_name = '用户名'
        verbose_name_plural = '用户信息表'

3.2 注册模型

#home/admin.py
 
from django.contrib import admin
 
# Register your models here.
from . import models
 
admin.site.register(models.exam_entry_table)    #考点信息表
admin.site.register(models.user_entry_table)    #用户考试信息表
admin.site.register(models.user_data)           #用户信息表

3.3 创建表单

#home/forms.py
 
from django import forms
from captcha.fields import CaptchaField
 
class UserForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    password = forms.CharField(label="密码", max_length=256, widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    captcha = CaptchaField(label='验证码')
class RegisterForm(forms.Form):
    gender = (
        ('male', "男"),
        ('female', "女"),
    )
    username = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    password1 = forms.CharField(label="密码", max_length=256, widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    password2 = forms.CharField(label="确认密码", max_length=256, widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱地址", widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    sex = forms.ChoiceField(label='性别', choices=gender)
    captcha = CaptchaField(label='验证码')

3.4 路由及视图设计

3.4.1 路由设计

这里用到的路劲较为复杂，采用项目urls和app的urls结合起来避免项目的urls过于拥挤。

先修改项目的urls.py文件：

#项目名/urls.py
 
path('homepage/',include('home.urls')),  #前面已经添加了，这里只做说明

再修改app中的urls.py文件：

#home/urls.py
 
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from home import views
 
urlpatterns = [
    path('test/', views.test),
    path('my_data/',views.mydate),         #我的信息
    path('query_results/',views.query),    #查询报告信息
    path('cet_4/',views.cet_4),            #四级报名
    path('cet_6/',views.cet_6),            #六级报名
    path('change_my_data/',views.updata),
]

3.4.2 视图设计

#home/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from . import models
from .forms import user_entry, user_datas
from django.http import HttpResponse,HttpResponseRedirect
# from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from login.models import User
# Create your views here.
def test(request):
pass
return render(request, 'home/test.html')
#我的信息
def mydate(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
account = User.objects.get(name=username)#用户登录注册表
user = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name= username)
return  render(request,"home/myself.html",{"user":user, "account":account})
#修改我的信息
def updata(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
# print("-----------------------")
# print(username)
# print("-----------------------")
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=username)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)#login_user表
if request.method == "POST":
userdata = user_datas(request.POST)
# print(userdata)
if userdata.is_valid():
user_das = userdata.cleaned_data
# user.user_name = user_da['user_name'] #用户无法修改用户名
user.email = user_das['email']
user_da.user_true_name = user_das['user_true_name']
user_da.user_id = user_das['user_id']
user_da.user_school = user_das['user_school']
user_da.save()
user.save()
# 四六级成绩无法修改
# user_datas.user_f_score = user_da['user_f_score']
# user_datas.user_s_score = user_da['user_s_score']
return redirect('/homepage/my_data/')
else:
userdata = user_datas(initial={"email":user.email,"user_name":user_da.user_name,"user_true_name":user_da.user_true_name,"user_id":user_da.user_id,"user_school":user_da.user_school})
return render(request, 'home/change_mydata.html', {"userdata":userdata})
#查询考试信息 还没完成，优化，条件判断
def query(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name',None)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)
#用于判断用户是否报名
user_en = models.user_entry_table.objects.filter(email=user.email)
# print("********************")
# print(user_en)
# print(user_en[0])
if user_en:
# print(len(user_en))
if len(user_en)==1:
user_entry = models.user_entry_table.objects.get(email=user.email)
user_point = user_entry.exam_point
user_eid = user_entry.exam_id
exam_entry = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=user_point, exam_id=user_eid)
return render(request, 'home/query1.html', {"exam_entry": exam_entry})
else:
user_entry4 = models.user_entry_table.objects.get(email=user.email, exam_id=0)
user_entry6 = models.user_entry_table.objects.get(email=user.email, exam_id=1)
user_point4 = user_entry4.exam_point
user_point6 = user_entry6.exam_point
exam_entry4 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=user_point4, exam_id=0)
exam_entry6 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=user_point6, exam_id=1)
return render(request, 'home/query2.html', {"exam_entry4": exam_entry4, "exam_entry6":exam_entry6})
else:
# message = "你还未报名！请先报名之后再来查看！"
# return render(request, 'login/index.html', locals())
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=user.name)
school = user_da.user_school
if school=='无':
message = "请先更新你的学校信息！"
return render(request, 'login/index.html', locals())
else:
point = models.exam_entry_table.objects.filter(exam_point=school)
if point:
if len(point)==1:
exam = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=school)
return render(request, 'home/exam1.html', {"exam": exam})
else:
exam4 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=school, exam_id=0)
exam6 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=school, exam_id=1)
return render(request, 'home/exam2.html', {"exam4": exam4, "exam6": exam6})
else:
message="你的学校还未开放报名！详情请咨询学校相关部门！"
return render(request, 'login/index.html', locals())
#四级报名
def cet_4(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
# 用户信息表,用户表，获取信息判断资格
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=username)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)
if request.method == "POST":
cet4_form = user_entry(request.POST)
if cet4_form.is_valid():
# 四级考试对分数无要求
# 只需要获取报考考点信息即可
# email = cet4_form.cleaned_data['email']
exam_id = '0'
exam_point = cet4_form.cleaned_data['exam_point']
#用与下面的考点判断
point = models.exam_entry_table.objects.filter(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id='0')
# 用与下面的是否重复报名判断
entryer = models.user_entry_table.objects.filter(email=user.email, exam_id=exam_id)
#判断个人信息是否完善
if user_da.user_true_name=='无'or user_da.user_id=='无':
message="请先完善个人真实信息之后再来报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
# 判断是否重复报名
# print("判断是否重复报名")
elif entryer:
message = "请勿重复报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
elif point:
# 考点存在
# print("没有重复报名")
message = "报名成功！请按时参加考试！"
# 创建一条数据
new_user = models.user_entry_table.objects.create()
new_user.email = user.email
new_user.exam_id = exam_id
new_user.exam_point = exam_point
new_user.save()
# 考点容量减1,报考人数加1
exam_entry = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id=exam_id)
exam_entry.number -= 1
exam_entry.entry_number += 1
exam_entry.save()
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
else:
message = "该学校还未开放报名！详情请咨询学校相关部门！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
cet4_form = user_entry(initial={"email": user.email, "user_name": user_da.user_name, "user_true_name": user_da.user_true_name,
"user_id": user_da.user_id})
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
#六级报名：
def cet_6(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
# 用户信息表,用户表，获取信息判断资格
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=username)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)
if request.method == "POST":
cet6_form = user_entry(request.POST)
if cet6_form.is_valid():
# 只需要获取报考考点信息即可
# email = cet4_form.cleaned_data['email']
exam_id = '1'
exam_point = cet6_form.cleaned_data['exam_point']
f_score = user_da.user_f_score
# 用与下面的考点判断
point = models.exam_entry_table.objects.filter(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id=exam_id)
# 用与下面的是否重复报名判断
entryer = models.user_entry_table.objects.filter(email=user.email, exam_id=exam_id)
# 判断个人信息是否完善
if user_da.user_true_name=='无'or user_da.user_id=='无':
message="请先完善个人真实信息之后再来报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
# 判断是否重复报名
elif entryer:
# print("判断是否重复报名")
message = "请勿重复报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
# 判断考点是否存在
elif point:
# 考点存在
#判断四级成绩是否合格
if f_score >= 425:
# print("报名成功！请按时参加考试！")
# 创建一条数据
message = "报名成功！请按时参加考试！"
new_user = models.user_entry_table.objects.create()
new_user.email = user.email
new_user.exam_id = exam_id
new_user.exam_point = exam_point
new_user.save()
# 考点容量减1,报考人数加1
exam_entry = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id=exam_id)
exam_entry.number -= 1
exam_entry.entry_number += 1
exam_entry.save()
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
else:
message = "四级成绩大于425才能报名六级考试！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
else:
message = "该学校还未开放报名！详情请咨询学校相关部门！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
cet6_form = user_entry(
initial={"email": user.email, "user_name": user_da.user_name, "user_true_name": user_da.user_true_name,
"user_id": user_da.user_id})
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())

到这里基本的后端都实现了。

4 项目最终框架展示

5 总结

成果展示：

主页：

管理端：

数据库设计问题:

由于此次设计在开始之时没有设计完善，数据库各表之间的关联存在问题，例如本次报名系统而言，用户信息最好添加手机号码，我本打算使用邮箱即可，但是推荐使用联系更快的电话号码等等问题。

附录: 整体项目包地址链接：

来源:https://blog.csdn.net/Afollower/article/details/98249499

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